Decentralized Common Knowledge Oracles

Interactive Zero-Knowledge with Restricted Random Oracles

We investigate the design and proofs of zero-knowledge (ZK) interactive systems under what we call the “restricted random oracle model” which restrains the usage of the oracle in the protocol design to that of collapsing protocol rounds a la Fiat-Shamir heuristics, and limits the oracle programmability in the security proofs. We analyze subtleties resulting from the involvement of random oracle...

Common Knowledge and Common Belief

Philosopher: Today, I suggest we discuss the important concepts of common knowledge and common belief. As far as I know, the first one to give a formal analysis of these concepts was the philosopher David Lewis, in his book Convention [131]. One of his examples is traffic conventions, about the role of common knowledge in how one behaves in road traffic. To explain this properly, I wonder if yo...

Common belief and common knowledge

But game theory as we presently know it can not proceed without the fulcrum of common knowledge. Robert Wilson (1985) In the universal belief space [Mertens and Zamir (1985)] which incorporated all situations of incomplete information concerning a state space S , we de ne a `knowledge operator' in terms of beliefs. From this operator we derive (in the usual way) the concept of common knowledge ...

Common Knowledge

Common Knowledge

In a game, an item of information is considered common knowledge if all players know it, and all players know that they know it, and all players know that they know that they know it, ad infinitum. We investigate how the information structure of a game can affect equilibrium and explore how common knowledge can be approximated by Monderer and Samet’s notion of common belief in the case it canno...